The History Of Hungar( On-Ugur) And Uyghur People

5500 BC - 2455 BC Sumerian culture.

The first cities, literature, written laws, astronomical calculations, schools, pyramids, etc. The Sumerians spoke a Ural-Altaic like language, which in vocabulary and grammar shows many similarities to modern Ural-Altaians. Racially they were also unlike their Semitic neighbors.



3800-3200 BC Uruk Period of Sumir history



2470-2326 Acadians Semitic periods in Mesopotamia

The records are filled with complaints from the Sumir inhabitants many of whom probably sought refuge amongst their earlier colonies in Central Asia and other areas as well. Every new Accad king's reign involved the putting down of new revolts.



2326-2256 Guti-Elamite rule in Mesopotamia

The Elamite language is also -like Sumerian- related to the early Ural-Altaic languages in structure and vocabulary. A few early linguists had claimed that it had special affinity to Finno_Ugrian and Hungarian.



2000 BC Linguists estimate the time at which Hungarian broke away from the neighboring Ural-Altaic & Finn-Ugor language family to become an independent language. This is based on the many differences which occur in pronunciation between Hungarian and other Finno_Ugrian languages. Naturally the location where this occurred is highly speculative and unfortunately also very politically biased.



1766 BC China

According to traditions which were eventually recorded, the old Chinese Hia dynastie's 17th member, Kia was removed from his throne due to his evil ways. The son of the emperor, Sunni returned with 500 members of his Hia nationality to his relatives the Hun. There are still Hia in China, whose language still has many common words with Hungarian. These may simply be common words within the Altaic languages that are also

common with Hungarian and therefore should not be treated as a direct link.



1200 BC

The Cimmerians begin to occupy the South Russian Steppe

c. 1100 BC The legends of turan, recorded by the Persian Ferdusi in his book of kings "Shaname"

The book talks of Afrasiab, the king of Turan [Also a Uygur dynasty] who is the ancestor of the Ephtalite (White) Huns.



329-28 BC

The Invasion of Transoxiana and capture of Samarkand by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, resulting in the rule of the Greek Seleucids in both Bactria and Soghdiana



F. Altheim "Das Alte Iran" writes that the Iranian Avesta's most archaic texts, the Gathas are still not understood by today's linguists. R. Stiehlel "Geschichte Mittelasiens im Altertum" writes in his book about the language of the old Avesta, and it becomes quite obvious that this language is closely tied to the ancient Altaic languages also. It is not surprising that this is the case since the newcomers to Iran settled over the older settled inhabitants from which it borrowed much and who are often associated with the Scythians, Turks and Finno_Ugrians in language. Many of these local people were Iranianized over time and as a consequence today we call certain Scythian nations also Iraninan in origin. Much of the early Persian literature found in Persepolis is not written in Iranian but in the language of the aboriginals speaking an Elamite language which up till the last century was also called Scythian.



c. 200 BC

The Emergence of the Huns on the western borders of China.



2nd century BC sees a rise of the Hun Empire's puts pressure on the territory of Iran dislodging many Scythian nations who were also pushed west, including the Saka-Uraka whose kings' title was Makar.



174-161 BC

The Hsiung-nu attack the Yüeh-chih (known in the West as the Tocharians), driving them from Gansu.



141-128 BC

The Yüeh-chih, fleeing from the Hsiung-nu, overrun the Greco-Bactrian kingdom, which is renamed Tocharistan.



138 BC

The first Chinese diplomatic mission to the Ferghana Valley, led by Chang Chien.





130 BC Baktria

The Asi (Yazig) and Pasiani (Petchegen/Besenyo) and the Tocharian tribes break into Sogdiana and Baktria. The Sabir (Sabarol) tribe is also allied with them. In the next five years two Parthian emperor loose their lives in the wars against these mounted nomads



127 BC Chinese records about the Kushan exodus

The Chinese record that the "Great Yüe Chi " tribes left their homelands in Kansu and moved to Western Turkestan. They had seven tribes which were lead by the Kushan tribe. (Possible connection to the Hungarian Kasi tribe) They were to later found the great Indo-Scythian empire of North India and Central Asia. Their rulers were called the Gula/Jula term common among Hungarians, Avars, Khazars and certain Hun tribes.



51 BC

The Hsiung-nu split into two hordes, with the Eastern Horde subject to China.



AD 48

The Hsiung-nu Empire dissolves.



c. AD 50

Kujula Kadphises unites the Yüeh-chih to establish the Kushan Empire, stretching from Persia to Transoxiana to the Upper Indus.





23-79 AD Plinius

"Indum accolunt MEGARI, .. URI, ABAORTA, OSI" talks of the Magars, Avars ?, and Yazig.



c. AD 78-144

The reign of King Kanishka over the Kushan Empire (territory extended to include the Tarim Basin), with Buddhism as the dominant religion



95 AD

Chinese military expedition lead by PanChao reaches as far west as the Caspian Sea in their mad drive to conquer the Huns. After the return home of this great military leader PanChao dies within a year. The western provinces all revolted against China and the power vacuum created was again filled by Hun rule.



139 AD

Ptolemaus Claudius geographer writes of the Huns next to the Dnyper in Eastern Europe calling them Khuni and Suni. (note Khuni is the clan/national designation while Suni is probably from Senyu, their ruler).



150 AD Ptolemi

The central Asian Magyars are mentioned living next to Parthia. "Quae autem juxta Parthiam et Caramaniam desertam Mazorani tenent." Other ancient maps show the south eastern shores of the Caspian Sea a nation called the Maxera and a similarly named river. This was probably their eastern most outposts.



214 AD Choronei Mozes, "The history of Armenia"

Talks of the Huns, Chasi, and Makar/Magyar near the Sarmatian Scythians. Perhaps this is the earliest

settlements of the Hungarians near Baskiria, who are also called Mozeryan (ie Magyar) by the Russians and who were the last nation to have a Sarmatian tribe. Herodotus also has the Royal Scythians next to the Sarmatians.. but the Sar-mata term can simply mean royal-lands.

" Sarmatai pars altera orientalibus Sarmatae finibus, Riphaeio monte, Tanai flume, Maeotide palude a Sarmata prima distinguitur, atque inde per Caucasos montes propter Iberian, Albanian versus Caspium Mare partient. hae autem gentes plurimae Sarmatiam alteran incolunt: Chasi (Kasi), Basili, Hunni, Guda-Makari,

200 AD

Dionisus Periegetes talks of the Huns living next to the Caspian Sea.



3rd cent.

The decline of the Kushan and Parthian Empires and the incorporation of Soghd and Bactria into Persia under the Sassanian dynasty.



226 Persia.

The Iranians defeat their Parthian rulers, although much of Northern Iran (Chorasan and Merv) remain under White Hun rule until 550 AD. Eastern Iran remains under the Parthian Surena rule while Armenia for 500 years remains under a Parthian dynasty. The Persians rule Fars, Susiana, Mesopotamia and parts of Media. Northern and Eastern Iran is under Hun rule and Persia often pays tribute to them.



300 BC

Ancient Greek, Iranian, and Chinese sources placed Uygurs with their tribes, and sub-tribes in the vast area between the west banks of the Yellow River in the east, Eastern Turkestan in the west, and in the Mongolian steppe in the northeast.





350 AD

The Huns engulf Baktria and Eastern Iran and Afghanistan. The white Hun Ephta tribe is the ruling tribe (Greek Ephta, Chinese Yetha). The Persian Bukhani Kate dictionary states the meaning of Haital to mean "big, powerful" in the dialect of Bukhara, which in Hungarian is also "Hatal-mas". The MAS suffix is an archaic Ural-Altlaic-Dravidian-Sumir term for "hero/brave". The Iranian linguists believe this simply means "big".





352 AD Chronicle of Derbent (Caucasus)

"70 years before the birth of Mohamed (352AD), the uncountable people of the Magors apeared, who came from the area north [north-west] of Tibet and descended on the plains of Astrakan, here they split into two branches, one of which went north east to live along the river Volga (Magna Hungaria of old maps or more properly Baskiria). The other branch went further west and also founded the city of Madjar [in the Cuban between the Caspian and Black Sea]. " It should however be mentioned that the Madar, Mazar and Makar variations of this name appear for a very long period before this in the Caucasus Mountains, the route by which these eastern Magars supposedly came. However the Saka-Uraka Scythians, whose kings were called

Makar did indeed come from the area described by this chroniclers.. these can be viewed as the most eastern component of the so called Makar/Magar/Magyar designation. These people were not Huns, not Turkic and not even Altaic in origin. However the Hun tidal wave caught up with them anyways and they were engulfed in their new empires. The Caucasian Magyars name is recorded by the Byzanteen Emperor as Subartu Asfalu.





4th cent.

The Mongolian Juan-juan Empire is formed in Mongolia.



c. 370

The Huns invade Europe from the Central Asian steppe.



372AD Europe

Under the leadership of Balimir their king, the Huns push toward the west and defeat the Alans. They absorbed a portion of their nation. The Hungarian legend of the miraculous hind claims the Alan/Hun/Magyar mixing in the form of kidnapping of the Alan women occurred next to the Sea of Meotis, which is believed by some historians to be the Aral or Caspian Sea.





374 Ad

The Huns conquer the eastern kingdom of the Ostrogoths and take away the territory of the Visigoths, which they had not ruled for a long time. This was in the area of today's Ukraine.





378 AD

A Scythian general in the Eastern Roman Empire who is from the Saka-uraka tribe "Royal Scythians" is also called Modar-(es). [remember the Makar title of the Saka Uraka rulers.]





404AD

The Hun ruler Uldin helps the Roman general Honorius against the Ostrogoths.



409

The Huns occupy the area of Bulgaria.





420-425AD The White Huns in Transoxiana

The white Huns "Euthalite" arrive in Transoxiana near the Amu-darya and Sir Darya rivers in Central Asia.

Their kings are called Kagans and their queen the Katun. These are the ancestors of the Avar Huns who later enter Europe.



434

The king of the Huns is Ruas (Ruga or Rugulas) dies and his grandson Atilla becomes king.



441- Pharbi Lazarus.

The Persian king Izdegerd II. organizes a campaign against the Huns, who are called Kush and for a full two years he battles them without success.



442-444

The Hun war against the Persians under the rule of Jazdagard I.



448

The White Huns establish an empire in the Oxus River Basin.

Priscos Rhetor the Greek envoy often calls them the Kidarite Huns. The Kidara name comes from their leader, which the Hungarian chronicles call Kadar and derives from the Samanid clan. (Samanid dynasty of Chwarezmia)



440

The Hephthalites (White Huns, later known in the West as the Avars) move south from the Altai region to occupy Transoxiana, Bactria, Khurasan, and eastern Persia.



460

The Hephthalites conquer the Kushans and invade India.



450-451

The Second Hun-Persian War during the rule of Jazdagard II.



451

Atilla leads his armies to the Rhine and then across central Germania to Gallia (France). Here the Roman alliance and Hun alliance fight the famous battle of Catalaun. This battle turns out to be a stalemate and the spread of the plague also forces both armies to return home. The following year Attic leads an assault on the Italian peninsula.



453

The death of Atilla and the battles of succession so weaken his empire that it cannot contain the revolt of the various Germanic elements.



454

Another White Hun and Persian War under Jazdagard II.



458-484

Feruz the Persian king asks for military help from the Huns, who under their leader Fa-ghana (according to Firdusi) or other eastern writers Khusna-vaz help.



460

The eastern UAR and the western HIUN tribes unite and the Hepthal becomes their ruling clan. The European UAR and Hunnoi Avar Hun groups are of this same origin.



461 Avar-Hun Legend

"A great fog arose from the sea scaring people and this was followed by countless number of vultures descending on the people. For this reason they had to leave this land and were forced to attack the Sabirs. Because the Sabirs lost their lands they in turn attacked the Saragur, Ugor and Onogurs. These in turn asked for an alliance and land from Byzanteum." This legend is also found in similar form in the old Hungarian Chronicles also describing the Hungarian migration. The vultures are often explained as the Turks who defeated and conquered the Avars forcing them to flee. A lot of them died in these battles and some 200,000 left their lands. In their westward migration the Avars absorbed many of the smaller fragmented Hunish tribes like the Utigur and Kutigurs as well as the Ugor nations (Saragur, Onogur, Ugor) and the Sabir elements. Their main tribes were the Auar [Avar], Chun [Hun], Kotzagir .



463

Priscos Rhetor, Greek envoy

The Avars attack the Sabirs, these in turn are forced to attack their neighbors the Sara-Gurs (White Ogurs), then Ugors and Onogurs who move to the area of the Black Sea. The Ogur term in the Bulgar and Hunish dialects means tribe/nation. It is from the Onogur name that the Hungarian name is derived.



463

The Ogur Hun nations cross the Volga River (Saragur, Onogur, Ugor)

Zakarias Rhetor, church historian

Lists the nations which were converted to Christianity by the Armenians in the Caucasus. Amongst these are the Onogurs, Ogurs, Sabir, white Ogurs, Bulgars and White Huns. These came under the guidance of the bishop of the Dori Goth Metropolis who was also called the bishop of the "Huns and Onogurs". The references also mention the Onogurs living at the same time in the Caucasus and the Crimean Peninsula.



463

Zacharias Rhetor: The Onogurs first cross the river Volga in 463.



484

North east Persia. War between the Huns and Persians during the rule of Sufra.



485

The Avar Huns moves west after growing pressure from Persian and Turks.



525

Zonaras: Mentions that the Romans, under the rule of Justinius asked for military help from a nation in the Caucasus Mountains called Hongre against the Persians.



552 or according to others in 567

the Turks conquer the Central Asian Avar-Hun empire. The turncoat Avar Hun chief Katalpus may have been one reason that this Turk-Persian alliance had such a sucess. According to the Byzanteens the Avars who entered Europe were originally the servants of the original real Avars living on the periphery of Persia. For this reason they separated these two nations. [originally the Turks were the servants of the Avar-Huns?] While they called the European Avars "fake" avars, there is no evidence that they were not the same people that also lived in Afghanistan and northern India. The term "fake" Avars have something to do with the fact that the original Avar or Apar term designated a Scythian and not a Hun people who lived in Central Asia before the Huns came. The Parthians.



555

Thephilaktos Simokata states that before the Turks came to power in Asia they first conquered the Hephtalites (white Huns), then the Avars, then the Ogurs. After their defeat, one portion of the Avars moved to areas north of China while the Ogur tribes which were also called Uar and Hunnoi went toward Europe.

Menandros: The language of the Avars is the same as that of the Huns, but they wear long braids with ribbons in it in two braids, a habit which they borrowed from the Turks.

[While the most inner core ruling clans of the Avars are somewhat mongoloid (Juan-Juan Hun?) the majority were Caucasian, according to Hungarian archeologists.]



500 Kiev Chronicles. The founders of the city of Kiev according to legends .. "There were three brothers.., they built this city and died here. We live here today and pay tribute to their relative nation, the Khazars. The clan of Kii built Kiev..."



527-528 Johan Malalas & Theophanes Byanteus

Talks of the revolt of the Huns of the Crimea is found in two versions in the Chronicle of Malalas and Theophanes. They inform us of the King of the Huns who converted to Christianity.



552

The Turks destroy the Juan-juan Empire and establish the Turkic Khaganate, nominally divided into Western and Eastern Khanates.



553-68

The Turks and Sassanians ally to destroy the Hephthalite Empire.



558

By the beginning of the year 558 the Avars reached the confines of the North Caucasian area and came into contact with the Alans. The Alan king, who was in friendly relations with the Byzantine Empire, conveyed news of the approach of the Avars to the commander of the Byzantine army in Transcaucasia, Justinus; who, grasping the importance of the news, immediately sent a messenger to Constantinople. The Byzantine diplomats made a quick decision to enter into negotiations with the newcomers, with the object of using them against the Hunno-Bulgars who at this time were pressing hard on Constantinople.



559

The Sabiri in the eastern section of the North Caucasian area were the first "Hunnic??"tribe to be attacked. Having crushed the Sabiri, the Avars raided the country of the Utiguri (huns), on the eastern shores of the Sea of Azov in 560. The Kutigur khan (probably Zabergan) became a vassal of the Avars. [ Note the Sabiri were aboriginal to the Caucasus and were only converted by the eastern Huns to be their vassals.]



582

The Turkic Khaganate officially breaks up into Western and Eastern Khanates.



618

The Tang dynasty is established in China.



630

The Chinese occupy Mongolia (Eastern Turkic Khanate).



630-40

The Chinese subdue the Tarim Basin.



659

Chinese forces penetrate into Transoxiana (Western Turkic Khanate).



682/83

The revolt of the Turks against the Chinese and the re-establishment of the Turkic Khanate in Mongolia.



689

The Arab occupation of Termez.



691

The reestablishment of the Eastern Turkic Khanate in the Tarim Basin.



705

The Arabs, under Qutayba ibn Muslim, launch a holy war against Transoxiana from Merv.



709

The Arabs capture Bukhara and Samarkand.



711

The Arabs capture Khiva.



712

The Arabs subdue Khwarezm and recapture Samarkand.



713

The Arabs sack Kashgar.



714

The Chinese, under emperor T'ai-tsong, defeat the Turks at Lake Issuk-kul.



715

The end of the Arab conquest of Transoxiana as a result of the death of Qutaiba.



728

Arab attempt to forcibly convert Transoxiana to Islam, resulting in general revolt.



744/45

The Uighurs defeat the Turks in Mongolia and establish the Uyghur Empire.



748

The Chinese invade the Ferghana Valley.



749/50

The Abbasids seize the Caliphate from the Umayyads and subsequently transfer the capital to Baghdad.



751

The Arabs defeat the Chinese at the Battle of the Talas River.



mid-8th cent.

Semirechye and the eastern Syr Darya come under the rule of the Qarluqs while the western Syr Darya comes under the rule of the Oghuz (Ghuzz).



late 8th cent.

The Uyghurs convert to Manichaeism under Khan Mei-yu (759-80).



820/21

The rise of the Tahirid Emirate in Khurasan, extending into Transoxiana.



840

The Kirghiz replace the Uyghurs in Mongolia, who came to Turfan and Tarim to to establish the Uyghur Kingdom and Qarakhanid Dynasty(in 932)





867-69

The rise of the Saffarid dynasty (Shi'ite) in Persia.



874/75

The Persian Samanid dynasty (Sunni) obtains the administration of Transoxiana, with its capital in Bukhara, from the Caliph.

932

The Turkic Qarakhanid dynasty is established, with its initial center in Kashgar.



mid-10th cent.

The conversion of the Qarakhanids and Uyghur from Buddhism to Islam under Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan (d.955).



999

The Ghaznavids defeat the Samanids in Khurasan and the Qarakhanids capture Bukhara, the Samanid capital.



mid-11th cent.

The Qarakhanid Empire splits in two: one rules over Western Turkestan (Transoxiana), the other over Eastern Turkestan (the Tarim Basin).



1073

The Seljuqs defeat the Qarakhanids.



1137

The Qarakhitai defeat the Qarakhanids (now vassals of the Seljuqs) at Khojent.



1155 (1162? 1167?)

The birth of Chingiz Khan.



1206

Chingiz Khan becomes khan of the Mongols.



1209

The Mongols defeat the Kirghiz of the Yenisei, forcing them to flee south to the Tengri Tagh.



1209

The Uighurs, under Barchuq, submit to Mongol rule.



1210

The Khwarezmians defeat the Qarakhitais.



1215

The Mongols sack and burn Peking.



1218

The Mongols capture Semirechye and the Tarim Basin, occupying Kashgar.



1218

The execution of Mongol envoys by the Khwarezmian Shah Muhammad sets in motion the first Mongol westward thrust.



1227

The death of Chingiz Khan, resulting in the division of his empire amongst his heirs, including Batu (the Kipchak Khanate, on the Russian steppe) and Chagatai (The Chagataid Khanate, in Transoxiana, the Tarim Basin, and Semirechye).





1270

The Uighur Kingdom is defeated by rebels.



1284

The Uighur Kingdom is absorbed into the Chagatai Khanate.



late 14th cent.

The Turfan Uyghurs accept Islam.

late 15th cent.

The decline of the overland trade routes, including the Silk Road, due to a new emphasis on trade by sea.



1514

The Establishment of Saidiye Khanate



1514-33

The rule of Khan Sayid, under whom the capital moves from Ili to Kashgar.





early 16th cent.

The rise of the Khojas in Kashgar, later split into the Aq-Taqliqs (white-caps) and the Qara-Taqliqs (black-caps).



1570

The height of Oyrat Mongol power in Jungaria and Mongolia.



1677

The end of Saidiya Khanate



1757

The Chinese defeat the Oyrats in Jungaria.



1759

The Chinese ended rule of Khojas in the Tarim Basin, resulting in the Khojas fleeing to Kokand.



1820-57

The Khojas had many revolts against Chinese rule in Altishahr (the Tarim Basin).



1864

Yaqub Beg (c. 1820-77) establishes an independent state in Altishahr. Kashgaria



1876

The Chinese begin to end Kashgaria



1877

Yaqub Beg dies of poisoning.



1878

Kashgar falls to the Chinese, under Tso Tsung-t'ang.



1881

The Treaty of St. Petersburg between Russia and China results in the return of the Ili Valley to China



1884

Xinjiang officially becomes a Chinese province.



1811

Uyghur uprising in Qumul against Chinese Rule





1931

Muslim revolt in Qumul Uyghur Region . Nov. 1933



Nov. 1933.

The Turkish-Islamic Republic of Eastern Turkestan (TIRET) is established in Kashgar.



Dec. 1933

The beginning of Soviet control of Xinjiang under Governor Sheng Shih-ts'ai.



1937

Muslim revolt in Kashgar, Xinjiang, resulting in Soviet military intervention.



1942

Sheng Shih-ts'ai breaks with the Soviets and realigns Xinjiang with Nationalist China.



1942

Xinjiang again comes under the control of the Chinese Republican government.



1944

Three Regions revolt in Ili, Xinjiang.



Nov. 1944

The Eastern Turkestan Republic is established in Ili.



1945-49

Civil War in China between the Communists and the Nationalists.



June 1946

The ETR disbands as a result of a treaty with Nationalist China.



Oct. 1, 1949

The People's Republic of China (PRC) is established.



1955

The establishment of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in China.


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